Operators in Python

Operators in python are special symbols that carry out arithmetic or logical computation. The value that the operator operates on is called the operand. Operators are used to perform basic mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division & much more. Every programming language has it’s operators to perform different task.

Python divides the operators in the following groups:

• Arithmetic operators
• Assignment operators
• Comparison operators
• Logical operators
• Identity operators
• Membership operators
• Bitwise operators

Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic Operators are used for mathematical operations

Operator	Meaning	Example
+	Add two operands or unary plus	x + y +2
–	Subtract right operand from the left or unary minus	x – y -2
*	Multiply two operands	x * y
/	Divide left operand by the right one (always results into float)	x / y
%	Modulus – remainder of the division of left operand by the right	x % y (remainder of x/y)
//	Floor division – division that results into whole number adjusted to the left in the number line	x // y
**	Exponent – left operand raised to the power of right	x**y (x to the power y)

For example: –

x = 5
y = 4
print ('x + y =', x + y)
print ('x - y =', x - y)
print ('x * y =', x * y)
print ('x / y =', x/y)
print ('x // y =', x//y)
print ('x ** y =', x**y)

Output

'x + y =', 9
'x - y =', 1
'x * y =', 20
'x / y =', 1
'x // y =', 1
'x ** y =', 625

Comparison Operators

Comparison Operators are used to compare or decide the relation among them.

Operator	Meaning	Example
>	Greater that – True if left operand is greater than the right	x > y
<	Less that – True if left operand is less than the right	x < y
==	Equal to – True if both operands are equal	x == y
!=	Not equal to – True if operands are not equal	x != y
>=	Greater than or equal to – True if left operand is greater than or equal to the right	x >= y
<=	Less than or equal to – True if left operand is less than or equal to the right	x <= y

For example: –

x = 101
y = 121
print ('x > y is', x>y)
print ('x < y is', x<y)
print ('x == y is', x==y)
print ('x != y is', x!=y)
print ('x >= y is', x>=y)
print ('x <= y is', x<=y)

Output

'x > y is', False
'x < y is', True
'x == y is', False
'x != y is', True
'x >= y is', False
'x <= y is', True

Logical Operators

Logical operators are used on conditional statements. Logical operators are used to check whether an expression is True or False.

Operator	Meaning	Example
and	True if both the operands are true	x and y
or	True if either of the operands is true	x or y
not	True if operand is false (complements the operand)	not x

For example

x = True
y = False
print ('x and y is', x and y)
print ('x or y is', x or y)
print ('not x is', not x)

Output

'x and y is', False
'x or y is', True
'not x is', False

Bitwise operators

Bitwise operators to perform Boolean logic on individual bits. Bitwise AND operator; Bitwise OR operator; Bitwise not operator; Bitwise XOR operator.

Operator	Meaning	Example
&	Bitwise AND	x& y
|	Bitwise OR	x | y
~	Bitwise NOT	~x
^	Bitwise XOR	x ^ y
>>	Bitwise right shift	x>>2
<<	Bitwise left shift	x<<2

For example:

a = 6
b = 3
print ('a=',a,':', bin(a),'b=',b,':', bin(b))
c = 0
c = a & b;
print ("result of AND is ", c,':', bin(c))
c = a | b;
print ("result of OR is ", c,':', bin(c))
c = a ^ b;
print ("result of EXOR is ", c,':', bin(c))
c = ~a;
print ("result of COMPLEMENT is ", c,':', bin(c))
c = a << 2;
print ("result of LEFT SHIFT is ", c,':', bin(c))
c = a >> 2;
print ("result of RIGHT SHIFT is ", c,':', bin(c))

Output

'a=', 6, ':', '0b110', 'b=', 3, ':', '0b11'
'result of AND is ', 2, ':', '0b10'
'result of OR is ', 7, ':', '0b111'
'result of EXOR is ', 5, ':', '0b101'
'result of COMPLEMENT is ', -7, ':', '-0b111'
'result of LEFT SHIFT is ', 24, ':', '0b11000'
'result of RIGHT SHIFT is ', 1, ':', '0b1'

Python Membership Operators

Python offers two membership operators to check or validate the membership of a value.

Operator	Meaning
in	Evaluates to true if it finds a variable in the specified sequence and false otherwise.
not in	Evaluates to true if it does not finds a variable in the specified sequence and false otherwise.

For example:-

a = 5
b = 10
list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]
if ( a in list ):
  print ("Line 1 - a is available in the given list")
else:
  print ("Line 1 - a is not available in the given list")
if (b not in list):
  print ("Line 2 - b is not available in the given list")
else:
  print ("Line 2 - b is available in the given list")

Output

Line 1 - a is available in the given list
Line 2 - b is not available in the given list

Python Identity Operators

Python Identity Operators Example ; is, Evaluates to true if the variables on either side of the operator point to the same object and false otherwise.

Operator	Meaning
is	Evaluates to true if the variables on either side of the operator point to the same object and false otherwise.
not is	Evaluates to false if the variables on either side of the operator point to the same object and true otherwise.

For example: –

a = 10
b = 10
print ('Line 1','a=',a ,':',id(a), 'b=',b ,':',id(b))
if ( a is b ):
  print ("Line 2 - a and b have same identity")
else:
  print ("Line 2 - a and b do not have same identity")

Output

'Line 1', 'a=', 10, ':', 20839436, 'b=', 10, ':', 20839436
Line 2 - a and b have same identity

Operators Precedence

The operator precedence in Python is listed below. It is in descending order (upper group has higher precedence than the lower ones).

Highest precedence to lowest precedence table

Operators	Description
( )	Parentheses (grouping)
**	Exponentiation (raise to the power)
~+ –	Complement, unary plus and minus (method names for the last two are +@ and -@)
*/ % //	Multiply, divide, modulo and floor division
+ –	Addition and subtraction
>> <<	Right and left bitwise shift
&	Bitwise ‘AND’
^|	Bitwise exclusive `OR’ and regular `OR’
<= < > >=	Comparison operators
< > == !=	Equality operators
= %= /= //= -= += *= **=	Assignment operators
is, is not	Identity operators
in, not in	Membership operators
not or and	Logical operators

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